The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between moral intelligence and academic self-efficacy with the mediation of academic engagement of students in Mahabad city. The method of descriptive-survey research was of the correlation type and the statistical population was all 2831 secondary school female students of Mahabad city, of which 338 were selected by cluster sampling using Morgan's table. Data collection tools were standardized questionnaires of moral intelligence of Lenik and Hill (2005), academic self-efficacy of Jinks and Morgan (1999) and academic engagement of Fridix et al. (2006). The results of hypothesis testing were analyzed by spss and pls software and using correlation tests and structural equation modeling. The results showed that moral intelligence has a positive and significant relationship on academic self-efficacy with the mediation of academic conflict (0.31). Also, the results indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between moral intelligence and academic self-efficacy components (0.52). The relationship between moral intelligence and academic engagement components was positive and significant (0.76) and finally, academic engagement has a positive and significant relationship with academic self-efficacy (0.41). Therefore, by increasing moral intelligence and consequently increasing academic engagement, it is possible to provide the basis for increasing academic self-efficacy in secondary school female students of Mahabad city.

Background & Aims: Marriage is not only effective in a person's physical and mental health, but also plays an important role in a person's entry into adulthood. The aim of the present study was to predict attitudes towards marriage based on sexual experience and identity styles of female students at the University of Medical Sciences. Materials & Methods: The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional-correlational study, and the statistical population of this study is single female medical students living in the dormitory of Urmia University of Medical Sciences, whose number was approximately 150. Based on the Morgan table, a sample of 110 people was randomly selected. The research tools included the Bratton and Rosen (1998) Attitudes to Marriage Questionnaire and the Marcia Identity Style Questionnaire (1966) as quoted by Berzonsky (2003), and data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26 software. Results: The results obtained using regression showed that there is a positive relationship between attitudes towards marriage and normative and commitment identity styles (p<0.05). There is a negative relationship between attitudes towards marriage and confused-avoidant identity style (p<0.05). There is no relationship between attitudes towards marriage and informational identity styles (p>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be said that attitudes towards marriage can be predicted based on students' identity styles. It is recommended that workshops and seminars on attitudes toward marriage be conducted at the university level to aid students in developing a rational perspective on marriage.

The importance of female heads of households in providing the basic needs of household members on the one hand and the limitations they face in most socio-economic fields have made it necessary to pay attention to the issues of female heads of households in most societies including our country. The purpose of this study is to use the systematic review method to review and evaluate the policy proposals that have been proposed in Iran for women heads of households. A total of 296 articles and 5 reports were identified. In the review and eligibility phase, the total number of selected texts was considered to be 79 texts, of which 62 studies used the quantitative method and 17 studies used the qualitative method. Based on the studies that proposed policy proposals, the characteristics of female heads of the household, the axes of vulnerability, the evaluation of policies and proposals were determined. The findings showed that more policy proposals were made based on the characteristics of low literacy, being unemployed, and being middle-aged. Based on the axes of vulnerability, women heads of households are more vulnerable psychologically and socially than they are materially vulnerable in many cases. The evaluation of policies for women heads of households showed that the most interventions for the empowerment of women heads of households were focused on the economic field and were mainly pursued in the form of financial payments and did not pay enough attention to other aspects of women's empowerment, while the empowerment of women heads of households was successful when It is expected to simultaneously pay attention to their mental health and improve their social and economic status.

Objective(s): To validate Persian version of the FSFI and to determine its diagnostic cut off score. Methods: This was a descriptive analytic study. To fill in the Persian version of the FSFI. In addition clinical interviews were carried out by a psychiatrist on DSM-4 criteria. Women divided in two age and educational matched groups: the control group (n=28) who have not sexual dysfunction and the case group (n=53) who have sexual dysfunction. Data were analyzed by Cronbach’s alpha and validity was assessed by comparing mean scores of two groups. Optimal cut off score determined by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: The findings showed satisfactory results for full scale and each subscale with Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.66 or above for sexually dysfunctional sample and 0.70 or above for sexually active sample. Discriminant validity confirmed the ability of both total and domain scores to differentiate between active and inactive women. On the basis of sensitivity and specificity analyses we found that the optimal cut off score was found to be 28 for differentiating women with and without sexual dysfunction. Conclusion: The findings showed that the Iranian version of Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring sexual function in women.

Nowadays, novel is the most dominating genre in literature. Concerning the advocates and proponents of novel, women’s share either as the writer or the reader is ever so increasing. It is such that some rhetoricians speak about a feminizing literature. This article is an attempt to deal with these aspects. Unfortunately, in the domain of the Iranian novel reading, there are no exact and proper statistics available, so the findings of the experiments in this article are the results of sets of students' works concerning the relationship of girls with novels. The results of these researches indicate that women outnumber men in reading novels and of course there is no meaningful difference between the rate of reading novels between male and female students. The most frequent reason for reading novels is to gain new experiences and to become familiarized with the world and new characters.

Introduction: The experience of psychological, biological and bodily processes related to menstruation mostly because stress, so these signs and their interfering with daily living emphasize attention to this phenomenon.Materials & Methods: Design of this research is causative-comparative. Because of this, 50 female students were selected from one of the high schools of Tehran central area, and 100 female students were selected from one of the universities of Tehran, by voluntary sampling method. Subjects were experienced two times: first time, from before a week of menstruation to first or secondary day after menstruation and second time, during 10 or 15 days after last day of menstruation. Each time, subjects completed “Symptom Checklist-90- Revised”. Data was selected by SPSS and using paired samples t – test.Results: Significant differences were reported in bodily complaint, depression, obsessive compulsive and anxiety facets between menstrual and no menstrual periods, in female students of high schools, and only in bodily complaint facet between menstrual and no menstrual periods, in female students of universities.Conclusion: Reduction of reported psychological facets from female students of the high schools to female students of universities, between menstrual and no menstrual periods, could be explained according to “Response shift theory”. It means that female students of the universities may have more opportunities for adjusting premenstrual symptoms than female students of high schools.

Increasing the level of education of women and girls, increasing the level of employment and economic activities, as well as the presence in the virtual space and membership in social networks, has led to women's rethinking of gender roles. This change in attitude and feeling has led to their more active presence in the public sphere. They want to gain more power than in the past and play a more important role in redefining and rebuilding society. This tendency of girls to be present in public spaces and activism in social, educational, economic, and political fields is a sign of changes in girls' perception of the role of femininity and girlhood in society. The purpose of this article is to represent the lived experiences and perceptions of Farhangian University female students about girlhood. In this way, this article answers this question: How are lived experiences of female students of Farhangian University about girlhood? This research is qualitative and describes and analyzes students' lived experiences of girlhood. The phenomenological approach is a suitable method for investigating people's lived experiences. The sample of research in this article is female students of Alborz Farhangian University. Based on this, the lived experiences of 22 students were collected. The age of the participants was between 20 and 23 years and all the students were female. The data collection method is a semi-structured interview. Students answered three general questions. 1-How do you describe being a girl? 2-What issues and problems have you faced due to being a girl? 3-How do you feel and understand the general perception (society, family, acquaintances, etc. ) of girlhood? After collecting the interviews, data analysis began. The data analysis method is thematic analysis. Narratives of the investigated samples of girlhood were categorized into 3 main themes: characteristics of girlhood, problems of girlhood, and agency of girlhood. 1-Characteristics of girlhood: Most of the examined samples highlighted the emotional characteristics and emotional behaviors of girls and emphasized the importance of feelings and emotions in the lives of girls. The studied samples have expressed the feeling of security and peace and the need for affection and attention as the basic needs of girls. Also, the investigated samples listed girls as having emotional characteristics such as patience, sadness, and kindness. 2-Problems of girlhood: The studied samples have expressed the problems of girls in society in three categories: restriction and deprivation, injustice and discrimination, and social misconceptions towards girls. The feeling of restriction and deprivation in the family, social, cultural, and economic spheres for girls is one of the most important problems that the majority of students have mentioned in their experiences. They have stated that they have faced family, social, cultural, and economic deprivations and restrictions in their everyday experiences. Also, the feeling of injustice and discrimination has been repeated in most of the examined samples. Almost all the examined samples have implicitly and openly pointed out that they have faced injustice and discrimination in social life. Also, the investigated samples were dissatisfied with some social misconceptions that are common about girls and protested against them. They have stated in their experiences that many people in society see girls and women as the second sex that needs care and control. Also, they think that women and girls are weak and incomplete so they are dependent on men and they cannot manage their lives without men. These social perceptions towards women and girls strongly cause deprivation and restrictions for girls and provide the necessary grounds and justifications for injustice and discrimination against girls. 3-the agency of girlhood: Examining the lived experiences of student girls shows that they are dissatisfied with some common misconceptions about girls and are looking for active agency and activism in the public and social sphere. The studied students were strongly seeking to change and correct social misconceptions about girls by intervening in society and showing their capabilities and talents. Half of society is made up of women and girls. One of the methods that help to understand and recognize women's society is to examine the perceptions of femininity and girlhood in the society of women and girls. The results of this research show that girls' perceptions about the roles of femininity and girlhood in society have changed. This change in perception of girlhood has led to their tendency to be more present in public spaces and they want to be active in institutions and areas that determine their social fate in society.